Synthetic Fibers

What Are Synthetic Fibers?

 Recall the uniform pattern found in a necklace of beads joined with  the help of a thread. Or, try  to join a number of paper clips together to make a long chain. There any similarity between the two? A synthetic fiber is also a chain of small units joined together. Each small unit is actually a chemical substance. Many such small units, combine to form a large single unit called a polymer. The word polymer has been derived from two Greek words. The word poly and mer. means 'many' and merstands for part/unit. So, a polymer is made up of many repeating units.

Homeopathy

What Is Homeopathy

Homeopathy is a medical system based on the belief that the body can cure itself. Those who practice it use tiny amounts of natural substances, like plants and minerals. They believe these stimulate the healing process.It was developed in the late 1700 in Germany. It’s common in many European countries, but it’s not quite as popular in the United States.

Chemical Affinity

Gibbs Function Or Gibbs Energy

For a "bulk" system they are the last remaining extensive variables. For an unstructured, homogeneous "bulk" system, there are still various extensive composition variables that G depends on, which specify the composition, the amounts of each chemical substances, expressed as the numbers of molecules present or the numbers of moles. 

The expression for dG is especially useful at constant T and P, conditions which are easy to achieve experimentally and which approximates the conditions in living creatures.

Chemical Energy

Chemical Energy

Chemical energy is the potential of a chemical substance to undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction or to transform other chemical substances. Making and breaking chemical bonds involves energy or heat, which may be either absorbed or evolved from a chemical system.

The energy that can be released because of a reaction between a set of chemical substances is equal to the difference between the energy content of the products and the reactant. This change in energy is called the change in internal energy of a chemical reaction.

The change in internal energy is a process which is equal to the heat change if it is measured under conditions of constant volume, as in a closed rigid container such as a bomb calorimeter. However, under conditions of constant pressure, as in reactions in vessels open to the atmosphere, the measured heat change is not always equal to the internal energy change, because of pressure-volume work also releases or absorbs energy. 

Another useful term is the heat of combustion, which is the energy released due to a combustion reaction and often applied in the study of fuels. 

Chemical thermodynamics

Chemical Thermodynamics

Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. Chemical thermodynamics involves not only laboratory measurements of various thermodynamic properties, but also the application of mathematical methods to te study of chemical questions and the spontaneity of processes. the structure of chemical thermodynamics is based on the first two laws of thermodynamics. starting from the first and second laws of thermodynamics, four equations called the "fundamental equations of Gibbs". From these four, a multitude of equations, relating the thermodynamic properties of the thermodynamic system. This outline the mathematical framework of chemical thermodynamics.

Magnetic Field

Definition of Magnetic Field

A magnetic field is generated when electric charge carriers such as electrons move through space or within an electrical conductor. The geometric shapes of the magnetic flux lines produced by moving charge carriers (electric current) are similar to the shapes of the flux lines in an electrostatic field.  But there are differences in the ways electrostatic and magnetic fields interact with the environment.

Nitrogen

Nitrogen Fixation

Recall  the  bacteria Rhizome, Colostrum and Bacteriol that can fix  nitrogen present in the air. These bacteria are present in the root nodules of legumes such as bean and pea. Sometimes nitrogen gets fixed through the action of lightning. But you know that the concentration of nitrogen remains constant in the atmosphere. You may wonder how? Let us understand in next section.